1975–1979 · Military

Murtala Muhammed / Olusegun Obasanjo

"Grow your own food": a military government urging everyone, even people with backyards, to farm.

Scorecard Draft

Military: took power unconstitutionally Shared card: Murtala and Obasanjo, 1976–79

Military government. Took power unconstitutionally; political rights are not scored here (see Freedom House), §5

In office 1975-07-29 to 1979-10-01 · scored years: 1976-1979 (4). How we score · Public review

One card for two leaders. Our timeline merges Murtala Mohammed (29 Jul 1975 to 13 Feb 1976) and Olusegun Obasanjo (13 Feb 1976 to 1 Oct 1979). Murtala alone held no scored calendar year (1975 went to Gowon at 210 days), so he would be 'Too short to score' on his own; the scored years 1976-79 fall under Obasanjo. Scored here as one government, as on our timeline.

Olusegun Obasanjo's later civilian government (1999–2007) has its own card: Obasanjo, 1999–2007 →

Composite score50/100Draft, open for public reviewEconomic outcomes 50%, policy credibility 25%, institutional reforms 25%.
Oil contextOil tailwind (+191%)Average $18.09 a barrel in 1976-1979 vs $6.22 before (1971-1975). Shown for context; the score is not adjusted for oil. [EI_OIL]
Data flags
  • Debt external debt/GDP used (not comparable)
  • Thin data (pre-1980)
  • Evidence gap on credibility Q1/Q4 (scored 0.5)

Economic outcomes 50%

51/100 Draft

Computed from World Bank WDI and IMF data.

Indicator scores (0 to 100), 1976-1979 (4)
IndicatorMeasuredScore
Inflation18.2% a year on average56
Growth4.02% a year on average57
Naira stabilityOfficial rate 0.6266 -> 0.604 (₦ per $); -1.22% a year100
Public debtWDI external debt/GDP (not comparable with the IMF general-government series): 3.7 -> 13.2% of GDP; 3.18 pp a year0
Reserves4.43 months of imports at the end41

Evidence: method, Pillar A · sources

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Policy credibility 25%

2/4 (50/100) Draft, open for public review

2/4 (Q1 0.5; Q2 0; Q3 1; Q4 0.5). Reforms lasted, but the parallel premium ran at about 59-80% in 1977-79, and central-bank financing and budget execution are unevidenced.

  1. Avoided central-bank financing of deficits beyond the legal limit? 0.5 Evidence gap

    Evidence gap: no source found on CBN financing against the legal limit in 1976-79.

  2. Avoided multiple official exchange rates and a large, persistent parallel premium? 0

    No. Large, persistent parallel premium: official US$1.550, 1.575 and 1.658 per naira vs parallel 0.976, 0.877 and 0.943 in 1977-79 (World Bank Table 9), a premium of about 59-80%. [WB_SAP_PARAS]

  3. Major announced reforms survived 12+ months without reversal? 1

    Reforms lasted: Operation Feed the Nation (1976) ran until it was replaced by the Green Revolution (1980). The NNPC (1977) and SEC (1979) remain. [nyb7778] [NNPC_ACT_1977] [SEC_HISTORY] [nn800523]

  4. Budgets broadly implemented as passed? 0.5 Evidence gap

    Evidence gap: no budget-execution data found for 1976-79.

Evidence: method, Pillar B · sources

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Institutional reforms 25%

2/4 (50/100) Draft, open for public review

2 durable reforms.

Counted

  • 1 Apr 1977 NNPC Act 1977: NNOC merged with the petroleum ministry's regulatory arm. [NNPC_ACT_1977]
  • 1979 SEC Decree No. 71 of 1979 turns the Capital Issues Commission into the Securities and Exchange Commission (operating from 1980). [SEC_HISTORY]

Listed, not counted

  • 1978 Land Use Decree: durable, but it vested land in state governments, a contested reform from a market-leaning view. Not counted; no source was gathered for this card.

Evidence: method, Pillar C · sources

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Sources for this card (13)
  1. BIERSTEKER_1987 Thomas J. Biersteker, Multinationals, the State, and Control of the Nigerian Economy (Princeton University Press, 1987) (1987)
  2. EI_OIL Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy 2026 via Our World in Data, annual crude price (nominal US$/m3; divided by 6.2898 to get US$/bbl) (2026)
  3. HAZELL_2009 Peter B.R. Hazell, 'The Asian Green Revolution', IFPRI Discussion Paper 911 (2009) (RePEc record) (2009)
  4. NNPC_ACT_1977 Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation Act 1977 (No. 33), text via judy.legal (repeals the Nigerian National Oil Corporation Act 1971) (1977) accessed 2026-10-02
  5. SEC_HISTORY SEC Nigeria, 'Who We Are' (Capital Issues Commission decree Mar 1973; SEC Decree No. 71 of 1979) (undated) accessed 2026-10-02
  6. WB_SAP_PARAS World Bank Report 13053-UNI, 'Nigeria: Structural Adjustment Program - Policies, Implementation, and Impact' (13 May 1994), paras 1.17, 1.21, 2.2, 3.18 and Table 3.7, 4.27, 4.59-4.60, 6.22-6.23, Statistical Table 9 (OCR text) (1994-05-13) OCR text checked on 2026-10-02
  7. WDI_CPI_1960 World Bank WDI API, FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG, Nigeria, 1960-2025 (last updated 2026-07-13) (2026-07-13) live pull saved 2026-10-02
  8. WDI_EXTDEBT_1970 World Bank WDI API, DT.DOD.DECT.CD (external debt stocks, US$) / NY.GDP.MKTP.CD (GDP, US$), Nigeria, 1970-2024 (last updated 2026-07-13) (2026-07-13) live pull saved 2026-10-02
  9. WDI_FX_1960 World Bank WDI API, PA.NUS.FCRF (official exchange rate, LCU per US$, period average; pre-1973 values in naira-equivalent units), Nigeria, 1960-2025 (last updated 2026-07-13) (2026-07-13) live pull saved 2026-10-02
  10. WDI_GDP_1960 World Bank WDI API, NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, Nigeria, 1961-2025 (last updated 2026-07-13) (2026-07-13) live pull saved 2026-10-02
  11. WDI_RESMO_1960 World Bank WDI API, FI.RES.TOTL.MO (total reserves in months of imports), Nigeria, 1977-2025 (last updated 2026-07-13) (2026-07-13) live pull saved 2026-10-02
  12. nn800523 New Nigerian, 23 May 1980, p.23 (Green Revolution food target; OCR)
  13. nyb7778 Daily Times, Nigeria Year Book 1977-78, economic review / OFN (archive.org, n48, n52)